The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era in response to civil rights violations to African Americans, giving them equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service. The bill was passed by the 43rd United States Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875. Eight years later, the Supreme Court would declare it unconstitutional.

Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a one-room log cabin near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

During his twelve years in office, Franklin D. Roosevelt vetoed 635 bills, of which 372 were regular vetoes and 263 were pocket vetoes. Nine of his vetoes were overridden.

Clinton issued 140 pardons as well as several commutations on his last day of office, January 20, 2001.

James Earl Carter Jr. was born on October 1, 1924, at the Wise Sanitarium in Plains, Georgia, a hospital where his mother was employed as a registered nurse.

Madison is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution of the United States. He was also the main force behind the ratification of the Bill of Rights, which enshrines guarantees of personal freedoms and rights within the Constitution.

The collapse of the Federalists left Monroe with no organized opposition at the end of his first term, and he ran for reelection unopposed, the only president other than Washington to do so. A single elector from New Hampshire, William Plumer, cast a vote for John Quincy Adams, preventing a unanimous vote in the Electoral College.

In 1824-25, the Revolutionary War hero the Marquis de Lafayette made a tour of America. During this tour, he was given many gifts, including a live alligator. When he visited the White House, he re-gifted the alligator to President Adams, who kept it in a tub in the East Room of the White House for a few months, supposedly claiming that he enjoyed watching "the spectacle of guests fleeing from the room in terror."

At a convention held in Buffalo, New York in August 1848, a group of anti-slavery Democrats, Whigs, and members of the abolitionist Liberty Party met in the first national convention of what became known as the Free Soil Party, unanimously nominating former president Martin Van Buren as their candidate in the upcoming election. Nationwide, Van Buren won 10.1% of the popular vote, the strongest showing by a third party presidential nominee up to that point in U.S. history.

One of Polk's last acts as President was to sign the bill creating the Department of the Interior. This was the first new cabinet position created since the early days of the Republic. Polk had misgivings about the federal government usurping power over public lands from the states. Nevertheless, the delivery of the legislation on his last full day in office gave him no time to find constitutional grounds for a veto, or to draft a sufficient veto message, so he signed the bill.